SOLID65

3D Reinforced Concrete Solid

SOLID65 Element Description

Although this archived element is available for use in your analysis, Ansys, Inc. recommends using the current-technology element SOLID185, specifying either full integration with the

method (KEYOPT(3) = 0 and KEYOPT(2) = 3), or simplified enhanced strain formulation (KEYOPT(3) = 0 and KEYOPT(2) = 0). For more information, see Microplane in the Material Reference.

SOLID65 is used for 3D modeling of solids with or without reinforcing bars (rebar). The solid is capable of cracking in tension and crushing in compression. In concrete applications, for example, the solid capability of the element may be used to model the concrete while the rebar capability is available for modeling reinforcement behavior. Other cases for which the element is also applicable would be reinforced composites (such as fiberglass), and geological materials (such as rock). The element is defined by eight nodes having three degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the nodal x, y, and z directions. Up to three different rebar specifications may be defined.

The concrete element is similar to a 3D structural solid but with the addition of special cracking and crushing capabilities. The most important aspect of this element is the treatment of nonlinear material properties. The concrete is capable of cracking (in three orthogonal directions), crushing, plastic deformation, and creep. The rebar are capable of tension and compression, but not shear. They are also capable of plastic deformation and creep. See SOLID65 in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference for more details about this element.

Figure 65.1: SOLID65 Geometry

SOLID65 Input Data

The geometry, node locations, and the coordinate system for this element are shown in Figure 65.1: SOLID65 Geometry. The element is defined by eight nodes and the isotropic material properties. The element has one solid material and up to three rebar materials. Use the MAT command to input the concrete material properties. Rebar specifications, which are input as real constants, include the material number (MAT), the volume ratio (VR), and the orientation angles (THETA, PHI). The rebar orientations can be graphically verified with the /ESHAPE command.

The volume ratio is defined as the rebar volume divided by the total element volume. The orientation is defined by two angles (in degrees) from the element coordinate system. The element coordinate system orientation is as described in Coordinate Systems. A rebar material number of zero or equal to the element material number removes that rebar capability.

Additional concrete material data, such as the shear transfer coefficients, tensile stresses, and compressive stresses are input in the data table, for convenience, as described in Table 65.1: SOLID65 Concrete Material Data. Typical shear transfer coefficients range from 0.0 to 1.0, with 0.0 representing a smooth crack (complete loss of shear transfer) and 1.0 representing a rough crack (no loss of shear transfer). This specification may be made for both the closed and open crack. When the element is cracked or crushed, a small amount of stiffness is added to the element for numerical stability. The stiffness multiplier CSTIF is used across a cracked face or for a crushed element, and defaults to 1.0E-6.

Element loads are described in Element Loading. Pressures may be input as surface loads on the element faces as shown by the circled numbers on Figure 65.1: SOLID65 Geometry. Positive pressures act into the element. Temperatures and fluences may be input as element body loads at the nodes. The node I temperature T(I) defaults to TUNIF. If all other temperatures are unspecified, they default to T(I). For any other input pattern, unspecified temperatures default to TUNIF. Similar defaults occurs for fluence except that zero is used instead of TUNIF.

Use the BETAD command to specify the global value of damping. If MP,BETD is defined for the material number of the element (assigned with the MAT command), it is summed with the value from the BETAD command. Similarly, use the TREF command to supply the global value of reference temperature. If MP,REFT is defined for the material number of the element, it is used for the element instead of the value from the TREF command. But if MP,REFT is defined for the material number of the rebar, it is used instead of either the global or element value.

KEYOPT(1) is used to include or suppress the extra displacement shapes. KEYOPT(5) and KEYOPT(6) provide various element printout options. (See Element Solution.)

The stress relaxation associated with KEYOPT(7) = 1 is used only to help accelerate convergence of the calculations when cracking is imminent. (A multiplier for the amount of tensile stress relaxation can be input as constant C9 in the data table; see Table 65.1: SOLID65 Concrete Material Data.) The relaxation does not represent a revised stress-strain relationship for post-cracking behavior. After the solution converges to the cracked state, the modulus normal to the crack face is set to zero; therefore, the stiffness is zero normal to the crack face.

The program warns when each unreinforced element crushes at all integration points. If this warning is unwanted, it can be suppressed with KEYOPT(8) = 1.

If solution convergence is a problem, set KEYOPT(3) = 2 and apply the load in very small load increments.

Pressure load stiffness effects are included in linear eigenvalue buckling automatically. If an unsymmetric matrix is needed for pressure load stiffness effects, use NROPT,UNSYM.

Follolowing is a summary of the element input. A general description of element input is given in Element Input.

SOLID65 Input Summary

Nodes

I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P

Degrees of Freedom

UX, UY, UZ

Real Constants

MAT1, VR1, THETA1, PHI1, MAT2, VR2,

THETA2, PHI2, MAT3, VR3, THETA3, PHI3, CSTIF

(where MATn is material number, VRn is volume ratio, and THETAn and PHIn are orientation angles for up to 3 rebar materials)

Material Properties

TB command: See Element Support for Material Models for this element.

MP command: EX, ALPX (or CTEX or THSX), PRXY or NUXY, DENS (for concrete),

EX, ALPX (or CTEX or THSX), DENS (for each rebar), ALPD

Specify BETD, DMPR, or DMPS only once for the element. (Issue the MAT command to assign the material property set.) REFT may be specified once for the element, or may be assigned on a per-rebar basis. See the discussion in "SOLID65 Input Data" for more information.

Surface Loads

Pressures --

face 1 (J-I-L-K), face 2 (I-J-N-M), face 3 (J-K-O-N),

face 4 (K-L-P-O), face 5 (L-I-M-P), face 6 (M-N-O-P)

Body Loads

Temperatures --: T(I), T(J), T(K), T(L), T(M), T(N), T(O), T(P)
Fluences --: FL(I), FL(J), FL(K), FL(L), FL(M), FL(N), FL(O), FL(P)

Special Features

Adaptive descent

Birth and death

Creep

Large deflection

Large strain

Stress stiffening

KEYOPT(1)

Extra displacement shapes:

0 --: Include extra displacement shapes
1 --: Suppress extra displacement shapes

KEYOPT(3)

Behavior of totally crushed unreinforced elements:

0 --: Base
1 --: Suppress mass and applied loads, and warning message. (See KEYOPT(8).)
2 --: Features of 1 and apply consistent Newton-Raphson load vector.

KEYOPT(5)

Concrete linear solution output:

0 --: Print concrete linear solution only at centroid
1 --: Repeat solution at each integration point
2 --: Nodal stress printout

KEYOPT(6)

Concrete nonlinear solution output:

0 --: Print concrete nonlinear solution only at centroid
3 --: Print solution also at each integration point

KEYOPT(7)

Stress relaxation after cracking:

0 --: No tensile stress relaxation after cracking
1 --: Include tensile stress relaxation after cracking to help convergence

KEYOPT(8)

Warning message for totally crushed unreinforced element:

0 --: Print the warning
1 --: Suppress the warning

SOLID65 Concrete Information

The data listed in Table 65.1: SOLID65 Concrete Material Data is entered in the data table via the TB commands. Data not input are assumed to be zero, except for defaults described below. The constant table is started via TB, CONCR. Up to eight constants can be defined (TBDATA) following a temperature definition (TBTEMP). Up to six temperatures (NTEMP = 6 maximum on the TB command) can be defined. The constants (C1-C9) entered (six per TBDATA command), after each TBTEMP command, are:

Table 65.1: SOLID65 Concrete Material Data

Constant	Meaning
1	Shear transfer coefficients for an open crack.
2	Shear transfer coefficients for a closed crack.
3	Uniaxial tensile cracking stress.
4	Uniaxial crushing stress (positive).
5	Biaxial crushing stress (positive).
6	Ambient hydrostatic stress state for use with constants 7 and 8.
7	Biaxial crushing stress (positive) under the ambient hydrostatic stress state (constant 6).
8	Uniaxial crushing stress (positive) under the ambient hydrostatic stress state (constant 6).
9	Stiffness multiplier for cracked tensile condition, used if KEYOPT(7) = 1 (defaults to 0.6).

Absence of the data table removes the cracking and crushing capability. A value of -1 for constant 3 or 4 also removes the cracking or crushing capability, respectively. If constants 1-4 are input and constants 5-8 are omitted, the latter constants default as discussed in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference. If any one of Constants 5-8 are input, there are no defaults and all 8 constants must be input.

SOLID65 Output Data

The solution output associated with the element is in two forms:

Nodal displacements included in the overall nodal solution
Additional element output as shown in Table 65.2: SOLID65 Element Output Definitions

Several items are illustrated in Figure 65.2: SOLID65 Stress Output. The element stress directions are parallel to the element coordinate system. Nonlinear material printout appears only if nonlinear properties are specified. Rebar printout appears only for the rebar defined. If cracking or crushing is possible, printout for the concrete is also at the integration points, since cracking or crushing may occur at any integration point. The PLCRACK command can be used in POST1 to display the status of the integration points. A general description of solution output is given in Solution Output. See the Basic Analysis Guide for ways to view results.

Figure 65.2: SOLID65 Stress Output

The Element Output Definitions table uses the following notation:

A colon (:) in the Name column indicates that the item can be accessed by the Component Name method (ETABLE, ESOL). The O column indicates the availability of the items in the file jobname.out. The R column indicates the availability of the items in the results file.

In either the O or R columns, “Y” indicates that the item is always available, a letter or number refers to a table footnote that describes when the item is conditionally available, and “-” indicates that the item is not available.

Table 65.2: SOLID65 Element Output Definitions

Name	Definition	O	R
EL	Element number	Y	Y
NODES	Nodes - I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P	Y	Y
MAT	Material number	Y	Y
NREINF	Number of rebar	Y	-
VOLU:	Volume	Y	Y
PRES	Pressures P1 at nodes J, I, L, K; P2 at I, J, N, M; P3 at J, K, O, N; P4 at K, L, P, O; P5 at L, I, M, P; P6 at M, N, O, P	Y	Y
TEMP	Temperatures T(I), T(J), T(K), T(L), T(M), T(N), T(O), T(P)	Y	Y
FLUEN	Fluences FL(I), FL(J), FL(K), FL(L), FL(M), FL(N), FL(O), FL(P)	Y	Y
XC, YC, ZC	Location where results are reported	Y	6
S:X, Y, Z, XY, YZ, XZ	Stresses	1	1
S:1, 2, 3	Principal stresses	1	1
S:INT	Stress intensity	1	1
S:EQV	Equivalent stress	1	1
EPEL:X, Y, Z, XY, YZ, XZ	Elastic strains	1	1
EPEL:1, 2, 3	Principal elastic strains	1	-
EPEL:EQV	Equivalent elastic strains [7]	1	1
EPTH:X, Y, Z, XY, YZ, XZ	Average thermal strains	1	1
EPTH:EQV	Equivalent thermal strains [7]	1	1
EPPL:X, Y, Z, XY, YZ, XZ	Average plastic strains	4	4
EPPL:EQV	Equivalent plastic strains [7]	4	4
EPCR:X, Y, Z, XY, YZ, XZ	Average creep strains	4	4
EPCR:EQV	Equivalent creep strains [7]	4	4
NL:EPEQ	Average equivalent plastic strain	4	4
NL:SRAT	Ratio of trial stress to stress on yield surface	4	4
NL:SEPL	Average equivalent stress from stress-strain curve	4	4
NL:HPRES	Hydrostatic pressure	-	4
THETCR, PHICR	THETA and PHI angle orientations of the normal to the crack plane	1	1
STATUS	Element status	2	2
IRF	Rebar number	3	-
MAT	Material number	3	-
VR	Volume ratio	3	-
THETA	Angle of orientation in X-Y plane	3	-
PHI	Angle of orientation out of X-Y plane	3	-
EPEL	Uniaxial elastic strain	3	-
S	Uniaxial stress	3	-
EPEL	Average uniaxial elastic strain	5	5
EPPL	Average uniaxial plastic strain	5	5
SEPL	Average equivalent stress from stress-strain curve	5	5
EPCR	Average uniaxial creep strain	5	5

Concrete solution item (output for each integration point (if KEYOPT(5) = 1) and the centroid)
The element status table (Table 65.4: SOLID65 Element Status Table) uses the following terms:
- Crushed - solid is crushed.
- Open - solid is cracked and the crack is open.
- Closed - solid is cracked but the crack is closed.
- Neither - solid is neither crushed nor cracked.
Rebar solution item repeats for each rebar
Concrete nonlinear integration point solution (if KEYOPT(6) = 3 and the element has a nonlinear material)
Rebar nonlinear integration point solution (if KEYOPT(6) = 3 and the rebar has a nonlinear material)
Available only at centroid as a *GET item.
The equivalent strains use an effective Poisson's ratio: for elastic and thermal this value is set by the user (MP,PRXY); for plastic and creep this value is set at 0.5.

Table 65.3: SOLID65 Miscellaneous Element Output

Description	Names of Items Output	O	R
Nodal Stress Solution	TEMP, S(X, Y, Z, XY, YZ, XZ), SINT, SEQV	1	-

Output at each node, if KEYOPT(5) = 2

Table 65.4: SOLID65 Element Status Table

Status	Status in Direction 1	Status in Direction 2	Status in Direction 3
1	Crushed	Crushed	Crushed
2	Open	Neither	Neither
3	Closed	Neither	Neither
4	Open	Open	Neither
5	Open	Open	Open
6	Closed	Open	Open
7	Closed	Open	Neither
8	Open	Closed	Open
9	Closed	Closed	Open
10	Open	Closed	Neither
11	Open	Open	Closed
12	Closed	Open	Closed
13	Closed	Closed	Neither
14	Open	Closed	Closed
15	Closed	Closed	Closed
16	Neither	Neither	Neither

Table 65.5: SOLID65 Item and Sequence Numbers lists output available via the ETABLE command using the Sequence Number method. See The General Postprocessor (POST1) and The Item and Sequence Number Table for more information. The following notation is used in Table 65.5: SOLID65 Item and Sequence Numbers:

Name: output quantity as defined in the Table 65.2: SOLID65 Element Output Definitions
Item: predetermined Item label for ETABLE command
I,J,...,P: sequence number for data at nodes I,J,...,P
IP: sequence number for Integration Point solution items

Table 65.5: SOLID65 Item and Sequence Numbers

Output Quantity Name	ETABLE and ESOL Command Input
Output Quantity Name	Item	Rebar 1	Rebar 2	Rebar 3
EPEL	SMISC	1	3	5
SIG	SMISC	2	4	6
EPPL	NMISC	41	45	49
EPCR	NMISC	42	46	50
SEPL	NMISC	43	47	51
SRAT	NMISC	44	48	52

Output Quantity Name	ETABLE and ESOL Command Input
Output Quantity Name	Item	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P
P1	SMISC	8	7	10	9	-	-	-	-
P2	SMISC	11	12	-	-	14	13	-	-
P3	SMISC	-	15	16	-	-	18	17	-
P4	SMISC	-	-	19	20	-	-	22	21
P5	SMISC	24	-	-	23	25	-	-	26
P6	SMISC	-	-	-	-	27	28	29	30
S:1	NMISC	1	6	11	16	21	26	31	36
S:2	NMISC	2	7	12	17	22	27	32	37
S:3	NMISC	3	8	13	18	23	28	33	38
S:INT	NMISC	4	9	14	19	24	29	34	39
S:EQV	NMISC	5	10	15	20	25	30	35	40
FLUEN	NMISC	109	110	111	112	113	114	115	116

	Output Quantity Name	ETABLE and ESOL Command Input
		Item	Integration Point
		Item	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
	STATUS	NMISC	53	60	67	74	81	88	95	102
Dir 1	THETCR	NMISC	54	61	68	75	82	89	96	103
Dir 1	PHICR	NMISC	55	62	69	76	83	90	97	104
Dir 2	THETCR	NMISC	56	63	70	77	84	91	98	105
Dir 2	PHICR	NMISC	57	64	71	78	85	92	99	106
Dir 3	THETCR	NMISC	58	65	72	79	86	93	100	107
Dir 3	PHICR	NMISC	59	66	73	80	87	94	101	108

SOLID65 Assumptions and Restrictions

Zero volume elements are not allowed.
Elements may be numbered either as shown in Figure 65.1: SOLID65 Geometry or may have the planes IJKL and MNOP interchanged. Also, the element may not be twisted such that the element has two separate volumes. This occurs most frequently when the elements are not numbered properly.
All elements must have eight nodes.
A prism-shaped element may be formed by defining duplicate K and L and duplicate O and P node numbers. (See Degenerated Shape Elements.) A tetrahedron shape is also available. The extra shapes are automatically deleted for tetrahedron elements.
Whenever the rebar capability of the element is used, the rebar are assumed to be "smeared" throughout the element. The sum of the volume ratios for all rebar must not be greater than 1.0.
The element is nonlinear and requires an iterative solution.
When both cracking and crushing are used together, care must be taken to apply the load slowly to prevent possible fictitious crushing of the concrete before proper load transfer can occur through a closed crack. This usually happens when excessive cracking strains are coupled to the orthogonal uncracked directions through Poisson's effect. Also, at those integration points where crushing has occurred, the output plastic and creep strains are from the previous converged substep. Furthermore, when cracking has occurred, the elastic strain output includes the cracking strain. The lost shear resistance of cracked and/or crushed elements cannot be transferred to the rebar, which have no shear stiffness.
The following two options are not recommended if cracking or crushing nonlinearities are present:
- Stress-stiffening effects.
- Large strain and large deflection. Results may not converge or may be incorrect, especially if significantly large rotation is involved.

SOLID65 Product Restrictions

When used in the product(s) listed below, the stated product-specific restrictions apply to this element in addition to the general assumptions and restrictions given in the previous section.

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Creep is not available.