2.2. Define Motion Specific Features

The Motion tab on the ribbon toolbar gives access to dedicated Motion functionality. Features specific to Motion are all found on the Motion ribbon toolbar, including those provided by advanced toolkits.

Figure 2.2: Motion Ribbon

Motion Ribbon

2.2.1. Body

The Body menu provides tools for inserting Body Properties, Marker, and Curveset objects.

2.2.1.1. Body Properties

By default, flexible bodies are resolved using the nodal method (Finite Element formulation). If the bodies in the system behave linearly, using a modal method (superelement or substructure) improves resolution time.


Note:  Body Properties cannot be used to consider large deflection or material non-linearities.


To use a modal method, insert a Body Properties object to specify a body as a single superelement with the inertial and flexibility behavior summarized on a reduced set of degrees of freedom (DOFs). Change the Body Properties parameters to User Defined values if necessary, or continue with the Program Controlled default values.

The Modal Reference Position option in Body Properties is used to set the reference position of the modal FE body. When the FE body rotates, it is useful to improve convergence by setting the coordinate system set on or close to the rotation axis as the modal reference position.

For more information, see Formulation of Kinematics for a Nodal FE Body.

The default Damping Factor used for Body Properties is 0.003, but can be overridden by modifying the values for Stiffness Proportional Ratio for each mode in the Modes property.

Once the Body Properties are generated, the mode properties (Frequency, Eigenvalue, Damping) become available. You can adjust the Stiffness Proportional Ratio to change the Damping value for each mode.


Note:  If multiple bodies are scoped to a single Body Properties object, the Modes property will be inaccessible. Each modal body needs a separate Body Properties object to access the Modes property.


For flexible bodies, the recommended alternative to using Body Properties objects is to create a Condensed Part, which can combine several flexible bodies into a single superelement.

2.2.1.2. Marker

Insert a Marker object to be used as an argument to a Function Expression object for measurement, or as a Moving Reference Frame to change the body reference frame of a nodal FE body. The Marker represents the coordinate system fixed on a body, where this coordinate system includes position and orientation.

When the Parent Type is set to Body, Ground, or Node, a Marker can be defined on that parent to measure position, velocity, or acceleration with a Function Expression. A body marker is attached to a body and can be located anywhere in that space. A body marker can also be attached to a mesh node for a flexible body.

The Moving Reference Frame option for a Marker object is used to change the body reference frame of the nodal FE body. See Equation 3–15 and Equation 3–16 in Formulation of Kinematics for a Nodal FE Body for more details. A marker which is connected to this body by a Joint or Node can be selected. When the FE body rotates, it is useful to improve convergence by setting the Moving Reference Frame as the action or base marker of the Revolute Joint or Node on the axis of rotation. You should set the body reference frame at a position where the deformation is small and does not vibrate.

The following Frame Type options are available:

  • Joint - A node on the action or base marker of the joint is used to define the Moving Reference Frame.

  • Node - The selected node is used to define the Moving Reference Frame. This is recommended when there are no joints connected to the FE body. Note that this may increase the stiffness of the element containing the selected node.

2.2.1.3. Curveset

Insert a Curveset object to be used as an argument to a Curves Contact Properties object or for a Curve On Curve object.

  • The Curveset represents a set of edges

  • It allows you to check the tangent direction for each edge

Figure 2.3: Curveset Object

Curveset Object

The following additional parameters can be defined for a Curveset:

Maximum Tolerance

Use to set the maximum error between adjacent passing points.

Maximum Length

Use to set the maximum length between adjacent passing points.

Maximum Angle

Use to set the maximum relative angle between adjacent passing points.

Number of Passing Points

The number of defined points through which the Curveset passes.

See Passing Points Control in the Motion Preprocessor User Guide for more information on Curvesets, Passing Points and the above parameters.

2.2.1.4. User Defined Mass

The User Defined Mass object enables you to modify the Mass, Moments of Inertia and Centroid of selected rigid bodies.

A User Defined Mass object has the following configurable Details:

  • Scoping Method: Choose between Geometry Selection (default) and Named Selection.

  • Geometry can be a single body or multiple bodies of type Rigid.

    If a single body is selected, the Mass and Moment of Inertia properties are automatically set to the current values of the selected body.

  • Centroid may be set to either Unchanged (default) or Override. If you choose Override, the Coordinate System property will be shown. Select a coordinate system to override the mass center and principal axis of the body that will be the basis of each principal Moment of Inertia value.

  • Select a Coordinate System from one of predefined Coordinate System objects.


Note:  User Defined Mass cannot be used for imported geometries such as Tire Body or DriveTrain Shaft.


2.2.2. Contact

The Contact menu provides tools for inserting Contact Properties, Contact Friction Properties, Tie Properties, and Curves Contact Properties objects.

For more information about Contacts, see section Contacts

2.2.2.1. Contact Properties

Insert Contact Properties objects to specify additional contact characteristic values. They can be applied to a set of Contact Region objects of type Frictional or Frictionless.

You may also use a Contact Scope Property to select a Connection Group of Connection Type Contact. This group may only contain Frictional or Frictionless contact regions.

2.2.2.2. Contact Friction Properties

Insert Contact Friction Properties objects to specify additional contact friction values. They can be applied to a set of Contact Region objects of type Frictional.

You may also use a Contact Scope Property to select a Connection Group of Connection Type Contact. This group may only contain Frictional or Frictionless contact regions.

2.2.2.3. Tie Properties

Insert a Tie Properties object to specify additional tie contact values. It can be applied to a set of Contact Region objects of type Bonded or No Separation.

You may also use a Contact Scope Property to select a Connection Group of Connection Type Contact. This group may only contain Bonded or No Separation contact regions.

2.2.2.4. Curves Contact Properties

Insert a Curves Contact Properties object to specify contacts involving Curveset objects. Using the Contact Type property, it is possible to define Multi-Curve to Multi-Curve, Cylinder to Multi-Curve, and Sphere to Multi-Curve contacts.

Multi-Curve to Multi-Curve

Create contact between two collections of curveset objects that are defined with Contact Curvesets and Target Curvesets properties.

Cylinder to Multi-Curve

Create contact between a collection of curveset objects defined with Contact Curvesets and a cylinder represented by two face Scoping properties (for the top and bottom faces of the cylinder) and a radius.

Sphere to Multi-Curve

Create contact between a collection of curveset objects defined with Contact Curvesets and a sphere represented by a body Scoping property and a radius.

Curve Contact Properties also enable you to define the same Geometric Modification and Advanced properties as the Contact Properties object.

Figure 2.4: Curve Contacts

Curve Contacts

Figure 2.5: Cylinder to Curve Contact Properties

Cylinder to Curve Contact Properties

2.2.3. Joint

The Joint menu provides tools for inserting Boundary Condition, Coupler, and other joint-related objects.

For more information about Joints, see the Joints section.

2.2.3.1. Boundary Condition

Insert a Boundary Condition object to restrict the motion, relative to another body, of nodes on a nodal flexible body.

Choose a Constraint Type:

Rigid

The positions of nodes are constrained with respect to the base marker in all directions.

In Line

The relative displacements of nodes in the x and y-axes of the base marker are constrained.

On Plane

The relative displacements in the z-axis and the relative angles in the x and y-axes are constrained.

General

You select the constrained directions.

Use Global Coordinate System

Use the Global Coordinate System (Yes) or a specified Marker object (No).

2.2.3.2. Coupler

Insert a Coupler object to restrict together the relative motions of two or three joints. This relates the translational or rotational motion of the joints through a linear scaling of their relative motions.

Coupler

Two or three revolute, translational, or cylindrical joints can be coupled.

Driver, First Coupled (Second Coupled)

The revolute, translational, and cylindrical joints upon which the coupler is defined.

Ratio

Use to set the scale factor for each joint.

2.2.3.3. Other Joint Objects

Other Joint objects are described in detail in the Joints section.

2.2.4. Force

The Force menu provides tools for inserting Bushing Properties, Concentrated Load, Matrix Properties, Pressure Load, and Joint Vector Load objects.

2.2.4.1. Bushing Properties

Insert a Bushing Properties object to specify additional bushing force property values. This can be applied to a set of Joint objects of type Bushing. Note that Motion only supports the Bushing option for the Formulation property.

When the value of Pre-Load / Pre-Moment is positive, the bushing is under compression. When it is negative, the bushing is under tension.

The Use Static Bushing option can be used to enable static analysis. For neutral equilibrium problems such as contact, free-falling, and moving vehicles, this option can be used to find a static equilibrium position.

2.2.4.2. Concentrated Load

Insert a Concentrated Load object to specify the six component forces and torques acting on each node. The directions of force and torque can be defined using either the Rectangular or Cylindrical Direction Type (see Concentrated Load in the Motion Preprocessor User Guide for a detailed explanation of these options).

Concentrated Load

Calculates its force and torque based on constant values or user-specified Function Expressions.

Use Global Coordinate System

Use the Global Coordinate System (Yes) or a specified Marker object (No).

2.2.4.3. Matrix Properties

Insert a Matrix Properties object to specify matrix force property values applied between reference and mobile bodies. This can be applied to a set of Joint objects of type General. Unlike when defining a Bushing object, the Off diagonal term in the stiffness matrix can also be defined.

Ratio

The damping ratio C can be defined with a constant value as follows:

where α is the stiffness-proportional damping and K is the stiffness coefficient.

Matrix

The damping coefficient can be defined directly in a 6 by 6 matrix

Pre-Load / Pre-Moment

When this value is positive, the matrix represents a compression state. When it is negative, the matrix represents a tension state.

Synchronize with Geometry

Set this option to Yes (default) to synchronize Reference Length and Reference Angle with an initial relative displacement and angle between two markers. If this option is set to No, the inputs for Reference Length and Reference Angle for each axis are enabled (see Matrix Properties in the Motion Preprocessor User Guide for more information).

2.2.4.4. Pressure

Insert a Pressure object that can be applied to one or more flat or curved faces using a Constant value, Function Expression, or User Subroutine object. This can only be applied to bodies with Flexible Stiffness Behaviour.

2.2.4.5. Joint Vector Load

Insert a Joint Vector Load object to specify the vector force and torque values applied between reference and mobile bodies as Constant values or Function Expressions. This can be applied to a set of Joint objects of the General type.

Set the Reference Coordinate System to apply the load that is defined in a Joint Reference Coordinate System, Global Coordinate System, or User Defined Marker.

The position and orientation of the base marker of the general joint where the Joint Vector Load is defined are changed to the position and orientation of the action marker in the time domain (see Vector Force (Joint Vector Load) for more information).

Note that when measuring the relative position, velocity, and acceleration between the action marker and base marker of the general joint where the Joint Vector Load is defined, a value of 0 is returned.

2.2.4.6. General Bearing

Insert a General Bearing object to specify stiffness in radial, axial, and tilt directions between reference and mobile bodies. This can be applied to a set of Joint objects of the General type.

Figure 2.6: General Bearing

General Bearing

Figure 2.7: General Bearing Properties

General Bearing Properties

2.2.4.7. Tire

A Tire object represents the six components of force and torque acting on a wheel body from the ground (road).

Insert a Tire object to specify tire and road parameters. Tire geometry is created based on the profile you select. The road profile is displayed after you select the Road Data File.

Once all the parameters have been defined, you can Create Geometry.

The bodies created by this object can be hidden or displayed by right-clicking the object in the tree and selecting Hide Body or Hide All Other Bodies (see Figure 2.8: Body Display Options).

Figure 2.8: Body Display Options

Body Display Options

The profile of the road surface can be displayed or hidden using the Show / Hide Road Preview options from the context-sensitive menu for the Tire object (see Figure 2.9: Road Preview Option).

Figure 2.9: Road Preview Option

Road Preview Option

The following panels in the Details section contain configurable parameters for Tire objects:

Definition

Figure 2.10: Tire Definition Properties

Tire Definition Properties

Coordinate System

Defines the position and orientation of the tire. It also determines the axis of rotation and direction of travel of the tire. If you want to change the direction of motion, you must change the coordinate system.

Figure 2.11: Tire Coordinate System

Tire Coordinate System

  • X-axis : tire longitudinal direction.

  • Z-axis : tire rotational axis.

CM Offset

Offset from the position of the tire marker to the position of the center of mass of the wheel body in the lateral (spin) direction.

Mass

Mass of the tire.

Ixx, Iyy

Moment of inertia of the tire in the longitudinal and vertical directions.

Izz

Moment of inertia of the tire in the rotational direction.

Longitudinal Velocity

Initial velocity of the wheel body in the longitudinal direction (x-axis of the tire Coordinate System).

Spin Velocity

Initial angular velocity of the wheel body in the lateral direction (z-axis of the tire Coordinate System).

Road Data File

*.rdf : an RDF file is written in text format and contains keywords and values. See Road for more information.

*.rgr : RGR files can be used to describe high-resolution road surface measurements for use with FTire models in road load simulations. The data format is designed such that both memory usage and evaluation effort are as small as possible.

*.crg : CRG is a standardized, efficient 3D road data representation defined in the base plane by its direction (heading, yaw angle). It is optionally complemented by hilliness (slope, inclination, grade, pitch angle) and cross slope (super-elevation, banking, cant, camber, roll angle).

Table 2.1: Road file types supported by different tire types

Tire*.rdf (2D)*.rdf (3D)*.crg*.rgr
FIALAOXXX
FTIREOOOO


O = supported, X = not supported.

An example of a 2D *.rdf file is available in the Motion Preprocessor User Guide.

Tire Property File

The type of tire can be defined in the Tire Property File (*.tir). Though the interface for FTire is supported in Motion, the license and library are supported by its maker.

An example of a *.tir file for a Fiala tire is available in the Motion Preprocessor User Guide.

Tire Type

See the table below:

Table 2.2: Tire Classification

UseTypeAdditional LicenseAdditional LibraryRecommended Frequency Range
HandlingFIALAN/AN/AN/A
RidingFTIRECTI LibraryCTI Library∼200Hz


Scale

Figure 2.12: Tire Scale Properties

Tire Scale Properties

Scale

Allows you to set the following advanced properties manually (User Defined), or leave them as Program Controlled.

Unloaded Radius Offset

Force offset due to unloaded radius.

Lateral Force Scale Factor

Scale factor for lateral force.

Overturning Moment Scale Factor

Scale factor for overturning moment.

Aligning Torque Scale Factor

Scale factor for aligning torque.

Plysteer Force Offset

Force offset due to plysteer.

Plysteer describes the lateral force that a tire generates due to asymmetries of the steel belt inside the tread. This generally does not appear when the tire is new, but as the tread wears.

Conicity Force Offset

Force offset due to conicity.

When a tire is mounted on a wheel, the inner and outer diameters are generally the same. When you look at the tire upright, it is rectangular, but if the inner and outer diameters are different, it appears conical. When such a tire is installed, a Conicity Force acts in the direction of the smaller diameter.

PlySteer Torque Offset

Torque offset due to plysteer (see Plysteer Force Offset above).

Conicity Torque Offset

Torque offset due to conicity (see Conicity Force Offset above).

Geometric Shapes

Figure 2.13: Tire Geometric Shapes Properties

Tire Geometric Shapes Properties

Note that almost all properties under Geometric Shapes are defined in the Tire Property File (above), so many values are grayed out in this section.

Unloaded Radius

Tire radius under zero load.

Width

Tire width.

Aspect Ratio

Section Height / Width (see figure below).

Figure 2.14: Tire Aspect Ratio

Tire Aspect Ratio

Wheel Center Offset

Offset from the position of the tire marker to the position of the center of mass of the wheel body in the lateral (spin) direction.

Road Graphics
Width

Choose between Program Controlled and User Defined (exposes Width Value below).

Width Value

Thickness of the 2D road graphic (*.rdf).

For more information on Tire objects, refer to the Motion Preprocessor User Guide.

2.2.4.8. Motor EM Force

Insert a Motor EM Force object to model electromagnetic forces. Based on the selected Type, it is possible to import data coming from Maxwell for a selected RPM range (exported as 2D Element-Based (Surface) or Object-Based) or from JMAG software. This object enables you to select a General joint defined between the stator and the rotor.


Important:  A DriveTrain toolkit license is required to use Motor EM Force.



Note:  When the Type is set to Maxwell and when using an Object-Based UNV export file, you must attach Remote Points to the stator and rotor. Motion uses these to automatically generate the applied electromagnetic vector forces.

Generally, an Object-Based UNV export file has force data for each object, including all stator teeth and the rotor body. You should therefore attach Remote Points for each of these.

To apply forces successfully, Remote Points for the stator must meet the following conditions:

  • The Remote Point should be created on the stator body.

  • The distance between the center position of the Motor EM Force and the Remote Point should be within a 1% error of the distance to the tooth written in the UNV file.

  • The direction of the vector from the center position of the Motor EM Force to the Remote Point should be within a 1% error of the tooth direction written in the UNV file.

To apply forces successfully, Remote Points for the rotor must meet the following conditions:

  • The Remote Point should be created on the rotor body.

  • The position of the Remote Point should be the same as the center position of the Motor EM Force.


The imported forces are displayed in the graphics pane.

The original locations of the generated forces are displayed as sphere graphics. External magnetic forces will be imposed through the Remote Points created at each location.

The magnitude of each force is displayed as an arrow graphic. This can be used to see the pattern of forces when the Initial Position Angle is changed.

Figure 2.15: Imported Motor EM Forces

Imported Motor EM Forces

Configurable details of Motor EM Force objects for both Maxwell and JMAG types are as follows:

Joint

The General joint defined between the rotor (mobile) and the stator (reference). The z-axis is aligned with the rotor axis.

Reference Of Rotational

The Revolute joint representing the rotation of the rotor.

Depth

Visible for an imported 2D model, defines the depth of the model.

Number Of Layers

Visible for an imported 2D model, defines the number of slices of the model.

As you increase the Number of Layers, the applied force is distributed across them.

Figure 2.16: Motor EM Force Depth and Layers

Motor EM Force Depth and Layers

Display Scale

Scale factor to apply when displaying force annotations.

Scale Type

Use Coefficient or Spline as the factor type for the radial and tangential directions (below).

Radial Factor

Based on Scale Type, define a coefficient or select a *.csv file containing factors as a function of time values.

Tangential Factor

Based on Scale Type, define a coefficient or select a *.csv file containing factors as a function of time values.

Configurable details of Motor EM Force objects for the Maxwell type are as follows:

Result File

The UNV file exported from Maxwell.

Initial Position Angle

Use to align the stator and the rotor if the geometry is not consistent with the imported file.

Geometry File

The AMESH file exported from Maxwell.

Force File

The ANF file exported from Maxwell.

Figure 2.17: Motor EM Force Details for Maxwell Type

Motor EM Force Details for Maxwell Type

Configurable details of Motor EM Force objects for the JMAG type are as follows:

JMAG File

JMAG software can export UNV files. The JMAG file defines the list of UNV files to use. A JMAG file is an ASCII file of the following format:

RPM, result file from JMAG corresponding to the stator, result file corresponding to the rotor

 

Each row in the file represents the result file for the a given angular velocity value (in rpm).

The UNV result file paths should be absolute paths, not relative paths.

Figure 2.18: Motor EM Force Details for JMAG Type

Motor EM Force Details for JMAG Type

2.2.5. Sub-Entity

The Sub-Entity menu provides tools for inserting Function Expression, User Subroutine, Spline, Array, String, Variable Equation, First Order Differential Equation, Second Order Differential Equation, Design Variable and Simulation Scenario objects.

2.2.5.1. Function Expression

Insert a Function Expression object to specify a formula. This can then be used in the formulation of a force or motion, and the measurement of displacement, velocity, acceleration, and force between several Marker objects in a subsystem.

Arguments can be added by clicking Tabular Data in the Argument List field of the Function Expression Details panel (see below).

Figure 2.19: Function Expression Details

Function Expression Details


Arguments added can then be referred to by their Argument Name (see below) when building the expression in the Function Expression field. Duplicate argument names are not allowed.

Figure 2.20: Function Expression Argument List

Function Expression Argument List


Measurements are also permitted within this list and various intrinsic functions are supported within a Function Expression as shown in the table below. The resultant value of all these intrinsic functions is a scalar quantity.

Table 2.3: Intrinsic Functions for a Function Expression Object

CategoryDescription
Math FunctionsSet functions defined in a C/C++ math library.
Simulation ConstraintsSet variables with an intrinsic keyword.
Displacement FunctionsCalculate the position or angle between markers.
Velocity FunctionsCalculate the translational velocity or angular velocity between markers.
Acceleration FunctionsCalculate the translational acceleration or angular acceleration between markers
Generic Force FunctionsCalculate the force or torque between two markers.
Contact FunctionsCalculate a value related to the specified contact.
System Element FunctionsCalculate the value of variables generated by equation entities.
Arithmetic IF FunctionsImplement a logical function.
Interpolation FunctionsCalculate a value from the specified spline.
Predefined FunctionsSet functions defined in the Motion solver.
Interface Parameter and Sub-Entity FunctionsCalculate a variable from co-simulation or a user-defined array.

If the Function Expression consists of only basic arithmetic operations and some intrinsic functions, then function data is displayed as a graph.

Allowable keywords for plot preview are as follows:

Table 2.4: Keywords Supported for Plot Preview

Math FunctionsABS, ACOS, AINT,ANINT, ASIN, ATAN, ATAN2, CEIL, COS, COSH, DIM, EXP, FLOOR, LOG, LOG10, MAX, MIN, MOD, POW, SIGN, SIN, SINH, SQRT, TAN, TANH
Simulation ConstraintsTIME, PI, DTOR, RTOD
Arithmetic IF FunctionsIF



Note:  All keywords referenced in the tables above are restricted strings (cannot be used as argument names in a Function Expression) and must be specified in upper case.


Time is always used as the x-axis domain, and the function is evaluated until the analysis end time.

 

More detail on Function Expressions and allowable keywords for preview is available in the Motion Preprocessor User Guide.

2.2.5.2. User Defined Python

The User Defined Python object extends the functionality of a Function Expression so that users can apply their own Python modules to a Function Expression object.

Figure 2.21: User Defined Python Sub-Entity

User Defined Python Sub-Entity


The following parameters must be configured for this object:

Connected

This parameter shows the status of the module or package import. It will display False if there are any problems with the import, otherwise it will display True.

Module File

This parameter must specify an existing Python module or package. When imported, the selected module file is copied to the solver files directory. Duplicate modules are not allowed. If a module with the same name is selected, an error dialog will be displayed and the import will be rejected.

Import Command

This field is used to specify a command to perform the import of a module or package. The default value is Program Controlled, in which case the command used for import is import module. Set this field to User Defined to specify an alternative import command using the Command field (below).

Command

This field allows you to specify the exact syntax for the import command (above), for example, from module import *.

Suppressed

Set to Yes to suppress this object during solving.

Once defined, you can import the specified Python module by right-clicking the object and selecting Connect (see below).

Figure 2.22: Connecting a User Defined Python Sub-Entity

Connecting a User Defined Python Sub-Entity


2.2.5.3. User Subroutine

The User Subroutine object is similar to the Function Expression object. Insert a User Subroutine as a stand-alone object to represent a measurement or set of measurements. Define a User Subroutine object on another entity to represent that entity's properties.

Before you create a User Subroutine object, build a Dynamically Linked Library (DLL) file that defines the subroutine code. Then insert the User Subroutine object, set its properties, and set the Module Name to the name of the *.dll file. Use the Function Name property of the User Subroutine object to select the function to use from within the DLL.

Figure 2.23: User Subroutine Sub-Entity

User Subroutine Sub-Entity

In the figure above, the dfsub_contact function has been defined in Usub.dll. The inputs for the function are defined as constants in the Inputs table. The results of the function will be stored in the Results table.

You may create the User Subroutine in nearly any programming language such as C/C++ or FORTRAN. Since Motion and its solver were written in the C/C++ language, Ansys recommends that you use the C/C++ language. If you want to use another language, you must know how integrate programs with the mix of languages you want to use.

For more information, refer to the Starting a User Subroutine in Visual Studio section in the Motion Preprocessor User Guide.

2.2.5.4. Spline

Insert a Spline object to represent discrete data that can be interpolated. This can be used in the argument of a Function Expression object with the AKISPL and LININT Interpolation Functions. It can also be used as a property value directly instead of a coefficient in some objects.

Spline data is displayed as a graph.


Note:  The Data View tab supports much faster data input than the Tabular Data dialog. The Data View tab should be used as the primary interface for entering large amounts of data for a Spline object.


You can use the Data View tab to copy and paste spline data via the context-sensitive right-click menu (see below) and then edit this data, if required. This menu also allows you to Add Row (inserted below the current row) and Delete selected row(s).

Figure 2.24: Spline Data View

Spline Data View

In addition to the right-click menu, the following function buttons are also available in the dialog:

Add Row

Adds a row after the selected row (shortcut: select any cell and press Enter)

Delete Selected Row(s)

Deletes the selected row(s) from the Data View (shortcut: select the required row(s) and press Delete)

The Data View table is sorted by the X value (duplicate values are not permitted in this column) and the order of the values may therefore change once entered. The data entered must contain at least 4 rows. A single column of data may be pasted into the X column, but not Y.

2.2.5.5. Array

Insert an Array object to store real or integer data from a User Subroutine. The saved data can be referred to by another User Subroutine or by the current User Subroutine at the next time step. This object is especially useful for saving a previously-calculated solution.

2.2.5.6. String

Insert a String object to input text data (such as a file name) to a User Subroutine.

2.2.5.7. Variable Equation

Insert a Variable Equation object to represent a variable in terms of a scalar algebraic equation. The formulation of the equation is determined by the specified Function Expression. This equation creates one additional governing equation and system variable. The VARVAL function is used to get the variable value in the Function Expression.

2.2.5.8. Differential Equations

Insert a First Order Differential Equation or Second Order Differential Equation object to derive a value from Function Expression you select or a user Expression that you define.

Figure 2.25: Differential Equation Sub-Entity

Differential Equation Sub-Entity

2.2.5.9. Design Variable

The Design Variable object enables you to define a scalar input value that can be parameterized.

You can use a Design Variable object as an argument to a Function Expression:

 


Note:  A Design Variable input has no units, so you must pay attention to the unit system used for the resolution.


2.2.5.10. Simulation Scenario

Insert a Simulation Scenario object to execute an action based on solution time or on a Function Expression. This can be used, for example, to stop the solution or to activate or deactivate a connection or a Boundary Condition.

Figure 2.26: Simulation Scenario Sub-Entity

Simulation Scenario Sub-Entity

For instance, if the function shown above returns a value greater than zero, then the solution process is stopped. You can use this object to avoid proceeding with solution when a situation exists in the simulation that cannot exist physically or will not produce any added value to the simulation.

Simulation Scenario objects have the following configurable details:

Sensor Type

Select Time to use the simulation time as the triggering condition. Select Function to use the value of a Function Expression as the triggering condition.

Function

If you set the Sensor Type to Function, you must choose the defined Function Expression that will be used.

Sign

The condition for the event trigger. The default value is >= (greater than or equal to). Usually, the time or evaluated function value cannot be compared exactly to the desired value, so use the >= (greater than or equal to) or <= (less than or equal to) operators instead of =.

Reference

The value to which the Time or Function value should be compared.

Event Type

The action that occurs if the value of the Sensor Type compares to the Reference value according to the Sign. Each event can only be triggered once. Once an event is applied, it is ignored for the rest of the simulation.

The following event types are available:

Stop

Stop the simulation immediately.

Set Maximum Stepsize

Change the Maximum Step Size. This can control the simulation time and it can help produce more accurate results during time periods of special interest.

The Target value for this event is the new step size.

Set Output Step

Change the Output Step. This enables you to control the size of the result file.

The Target value for this event is the new output step value.

Set Modal Output Step

Modal analysis is used to identify the natural frequencies (modes) within a structure or system. As a system can change during dynamic analysis, you may want to get the modes from the updated system at fixed time intervals to examine the change of state over time, not just the initial system state. In this case, you can use the Target property to change the Modal Output Step to point to the results derived at regular intervals.

For example, if the End Time is set to 10 seconds, and the Modal Output Step is set to 11, modal analysis is conducted 11 times in total with a fixed interval of 1 second. That is, modal analysis is conducted when 0, 1, 2, ..., 10 seconds have elapsed.

To use this event type, you must set the Include Modal Analysis option in the Analysis Settings to Yes.

 

Set Factor for Plot Output Step

Change the Factor of Plot Output Step. This can determine how many plot data values you will obtain, based on the Output Step value. It is possible to control the total output result file size, and limit the plot data that is visible in the Motion Standalone Postprocessor).

 

The Target value for this event is the new Factor of Plot Output Step value.

Activate / Deactivate

Activate or deactivate the target joint, motion of joints, force, or contact. To use the Activate event, the Deactivate event must be applied to the same target earlier in the same analysis.

The Target value for this event is either a native Contact Region, Joint, or Spring object, or one of the custom load objects within the Contact, Joint, or Force categories.

If a Revolute, Translational, or Cylindrical Joint is selected as the Target, the Sub-target property is available. Select the joint itself, rotational motion, translational motion, force, or moment.

If a Joint Force, Joint Moment, Joint Longitudinal Spring, Joint Torsional Spring, Matrix Properties, or Joint Vector Load is selected as the Target, the Sub-target may also be one of the scoped joints for the target force object.

Export ICF File / Import ICF File

Export solutions (such as positions and velocities of a body) at a desired time step to the specified *.icf file, or import a *.icf file to start or continue the simulation with pre-analyzed conditions. See IMPORT_IC and EXPORT_IC functions for more information.

Set to Rigid Body / Set to Flexible Body

Modify a flexible body so that it does not deform at a particular moment during the analysis, or return the given body which has been set to rigid to its original flexible behavior.

ICF File

If the Event Type is Import ICF File, enter the name of the *.icf file to import.

Directory Path

If the Event Type is Export ICF File, enter the directory path to the location where the *.icf file will be written.

File Name

If the Event Type is Export ICF File, enter the name of the *.icf file to write.

Scoping Method / Geometry

If the Event Type is Set to Rigid Body or Set to Flexible Body, choose a target body for the action.

Target / Sub-target

The value to which the chosen item should be set. The options and valid values for Target vary based on the Event Type.

Limitations

The Simulation Scenario feature has some limitations:

  • There is no way to select internally-created connection objects such as connections in a Links system.

  • When an event conflicts with another event, the solver follows the action of the last-defined event.

  • When a joint or motion is activated, the solver can fail if the constraint equations of the joint are severely violated.

  • If a joint is initially deactivated by a condition, the joint cannot be reactivated because the constraint equations of the joint may form a redundant constraint.

  • Even if the time step in which a solver Stop event occurs is not the report time step, the results will still be reported for confirmation.

2.2.6. Set Initial Conditions

In a Motion analysis, the initial velocity of bodies is assumed to be zero, but a non-zero initial translational or an angular velocity for a body can be defined in Initial Conditions.

If multiple Initial Conditions objects are defined for one body, they have a cumulative effect.