Chapter 8: Flow Around a Blunt Body

8.1. Tutorial Features

In this tutorial you will learn about:

  • Solving and postprocessing a case where the geometry has been omitted on one side of a symmetry plane.

  • Using free-slip wall boundaries as a compromise between accurate flow modeling and computational grid size.

  • Accurately modeling the near-wall flow using Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model.

  • Running the CFX-Solver in parallel (optional).

  • Creating vector plots in CFD-Post with uniform spacing between the vectors.

  • Creating a macro using power syntax in CFD-Post.

Component

Feature

Details

CFX-Pre

User Mode

General mode

Analysis Type

Steady State

Fluid Type

Constant Property Gas

Domain Type

Single Domain

Turbulence Model

Shear Stress Transport

Boundary Conditions

Inlet (Subsonic)

Outlet (Subsonic)

Symmetry Plane

Wall: No-Slip

Wall: Free-Slip

Timestep

Physical Time Scale

CFX-Solver Manager

Parallel Processing

 

CFD-Post

Plots

Default Locators

Outline Plot (Wireframe)

Sampling Plane

Streamline

Vector

Volume

Other

Changing the Color Range

Instancing Transformation

Lighting Adjustment

Symmetry

Viewing the Mesh

8.2. Overview of the Problem to Solve

In this tutorial, a generic vehicle body is placed into an oncoming side wind of 15 m/s. The turbulence will be set to Intensity and Length scale with a value of 0.05, which corresponds to 5% turbulence, a medium level intensity, and with an Eddy Length scale value of 0.1 m.

The goal of this tutorial is to set up, simulate, and then visualize the flow around the body. Since both the geometry and the flow are symmetric about a vertical plane, you will only use half of the geometry to find the solution. You will use free-slip wall boundaries on some sides of the domain to model external flow. The flow near the body is modeled using Shear Stress Transport. Since compressibility effects are not expected to be significant, you can model this as incompressible flow.

Figure 8.1: External Air Flow Over a Generic Vehicle Body

External Air Flow Over a Generic Vehicle Body

If this is the first tutorial you are working with, it is important to review the following topics before beginning:

8.3. Preparing the Working Directory

  1. Create a working directory.

    Ansys CFX uses a working directory as the default location for loading and saving files for a particular session or project.

  2. Download the blunt_body.zip file here .

  3. Unzip blunt_body.zip to your working directory.

    Ensure that the following tutorial input file is in your working directory:

    • BluntBodyMesh.gtm

  4. Set the working directory and start CFX-Pre.

    For details, see Setting the Working Directory and Starting Ansys CFX in Stand-alone Mode.

8.4. Defining the Case Using CFX-Pre

  1. In CFX-Pre, select File > New Case.

  2. Select General and click OK.

  3. Select File > Save Case As.

  4. Under File name, type BluntBody.

  5. Click Save.

8.4.1. Importing the Mesh

  1. Right-click Mesh and select Import Mesh > CFX Mesh.

    The Import Mesh dialog box appears.

  2. Configure the following setting(s):

    Setting

    Value

    File name

    BluntBodyMesh.gtm

  3. Click Open.

8.4.2. Creating the Domain

The flow of air in the domain is expected to be turbulent. The Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model with automatic wall function treatment will be used because of its highly accurate predictions of flow separation. To take advantage of the SST model, the boundary layer should be resolved with at least 10 mesh nodes. In order to reduce computational time, the mesh in this tutorial is much coarser than that.

As stated in the overview, this tutorial models incompressible flow. Incompressible flow is specified by choosing an incompressible fluid. You will use Air at 25 C as the incompressible fluid.

As part of the domain settings, you will specify a reference pressure. CFX requires this when modeling incompressible flow.

  1. Click Domain  , and set the name to BluntBody.

  2. Configure the following setting(s) of BluntBody:

    Tab

    Setting

    Value

    Basic Settings

    Location and Type

    > Location

     

    B1.P3

    Fluid and Particle Definitions

    Fluid 1

    Fluid and Particle Definitions

    > Fluid 1

    > Material

     

     

    Air at 25 C [ a ]

    Domain Models

    > Pressure

    > Reference Pressure

     

     

    1 [atm]

    Fluid Models

    Heat Transfer

    > Option

     

    None

    Turbulence

    > Option

     

    Shear Stress Transport

    1. Click the Ellipsis   icon if the required material does not appear in the drop-down menu.

  3. Click OK.

8.4.3. Creating Composite Regions

An imported mesh may contain many 2D regions. For the purpose of creating boundary conditions, it can sometimes be useful to group several 2D regions together and apply a single boundary to the composite 2D region. In this case, you are going to create a Union between two regions that both require a free-slip wall boundary.

  1. From the main menu, select Insert > Regions > Composite Region.

  2. Set the name to FreeWalls and click OK.

  3. Configure the following setting(s):

    Tab

    Setting

    Value

    Basic Settings

    Dimension (Filter)

    2D

  4. Click   beside the Region List dialog box, to display the Selection Dialog. Hold down the Ctrl key and select Free1 and Free2.

  5. Click OK to confirm your selection.

  6. Click OK to create the composite region.

8.4.4. Creating the Boundaries

The simulation requires inlet, outlet, wall (no slip and free-slip) and symmetry plane boundaries. The regions for these boundaries were defined when the mesh was created (except for the composite region just created for the free-slip wall boundary).

8.4.4.1. Inlet Boundary

  1. Click Boundary  .

  2. Under Name, type Inlet.

  3. Configure the following setting(s):

    Tab

    Setting

    Value

    Basic Settings

    Boundary Type

    Inlet

    Location

    Inlet

    Boundary Details

    Flow Regime

    > Option

     

    Subsonic

    Mass and Momentum

    > Option

     

    Normal Speed

    Mass and Momentum

    > Normal Speed

     

    15 [m s^-1]

    Turbulence

    > Option

     

    Intensity and Length Scale

    Turbulence

    > Fractional Intensity

     

    0.05 [ a ]

    Turbulence

    > Eddy Length Scale

     

    0.1 [m] [ a ]

    1. From the problem description.

  4. Click OK.

8.4.4.2. Outlet Boundary

  1. Create a new boundary named Outlet.

  2. Configure the following setting(s):

    Tab

    Setting

    Value

    Basic Settings

    Boundary Type

    Outlet

    Location

    Outlet

    Boundary Details

    Mass and Momentum

    > Option

     

    Static Pressure

    Mass and Momentum

    > Relative Pressure

     

    0 [Pa]

  3. Click OK.

8.4.4.3. Free-Slip Wall Boundary

The top and side surfaces of the rectangular region will use free-slip wall boundaries.

  • On free-slip walls the shear stress is set to zero so that the fluid is not retarded.

  • The velocity normal to the wall is also set to zero.

  • The velocity parallel to the wall is calculated during the solution.

This boundary is an approximation that may not accurately represent the true flow conditions. By using a free-slip wall boundary, the flow modeling will be less accurate but the computational grid size can be reduced by modeling less of the surroundings. If this case were modeling a wind tunnel experiment, the geometry would match the size and shape of the wind tunnel and use no-slip walls. If this case were modeling a blunt body open to the atmosphere, a much larger domain would be used to minimize the effect of the far-field boundary, and the far-field boundary type would be set to either a free-slip wall or a pressure-specified entrainment opening.

You will apply a single boundary to both walls by using the composite region defined earlier.

  1. Create a new boundary named FreeWalls.

  2. Configure the following setting(s):

    Tab

    Setting

    Value

    Basic Settings

    Boundary Type

    Wall

    Location

    FreeWalls

    Boundary Details

    Mass and Momentum

    > Option

     

    Free Slip Wall

  3. Click OK.

8.4.4.4. Symmetry Plane Boundary

  1. Create a new boundary named SymP.

  2. Configure the following setting(s):

    Tab

    Setting

    Value

    Basic Settings

    Boundary Type

    Symmetry

    Location

    SymP

  3. Click OK.

8.4.4.5. Wall Boundary on the Blunt Body Surface

  1. Create a new boundary named Body.

  2. Configure the following setting(s):

    Tab

    Setting

    Value

    Basic Settings

    Boundary Type

    Wall

    Location

    Body

    Boundary Details

    Mass and Momentum

    > Option

     

    No Slip Wall

  3. Click OK.

The remaining 2D regions (in this case, just the low Z face) will be assigned the default boundary which is an adiabatic, no-slip wall condition. In this case, the name of the default boundary is BluntBody Default. Although the boundaries Body and BluntBody Default are identical (except for their locations), the Body boundary was created so that, during postprocessing, its location can be conveniently distinguished from the other adiabatic, no-slip wall surfaces.

8.4.5. Setting Initial Values

The initial conditions are consistent with inlet boundaries.

  1. Click Global Initialization  .

  2. Configure the following setting(s):

    Tab

    Setting

    Value

    Global Settings

    Initial Conditions

    > Cartesian Velocity Components

    > Option

     

     

    Automatic with Value

    Initial Conditions

    > Cartesian Velocity Components

    > U

     

     

    15 [m s^-1]

    Initial Conditions

    > Cartesian Velocity Components

    > V

     

     

    0 [m s^-1]

    Initial Conditions

    > Cartesian Velocity Components

    > W

     

     

    0 [m s^-1]

  3. Click OK.

8.4.6. Setting Solver Control

  1. Click Solver Control  .

  2. Configure the following setting(s):

    Tab

    Setting

    Value

    Basic Settings

    Convergence Control

    > Max. Iterations

     

    60

    Convergence Control

    > Fluid Timescale Control

    > Timescale Control

     

     

    Physical Timescale

    Convergence Control

    > Fluid Timescale Control

    > Physical Timescale

     

     

    2 [s][ a ]

    Convergence Criteria

    > Residual Target

     

    1e-05

    1. Based on the air speed and the size of the object.

  3. Click OK.

8.4.7. Writing the CFX-Solver Input (.def) File

  1. Click Define Run  .

  2. Configure the following setting(s):

    Setting

    Value

    File name

    BluntBody.def

  3. Click Save.

    CFX-Solver Manager automatically starts and, on the Define Run dialog box, Solver Input File is set.

  4. If using stand-alone mode, quit CFX-Pre, saving the simulation (.cfx) file at your discretion.

8.5. Obtaining the Solution Using CFX-Solver Manager

This tutorial introduces the parallel solver capabilities of CFX.


Note:  The results produced will be identical, whether produced by a parallel or serial run.


If you do not want to solve this tutorial in parallel (on more than one processor) or you do not have a license to run the CFX-Solver in parallel, proceed to Obtaining a Solution in Serial.

If you do not know if you have a license to run the CFX-Solver in parallel, you should either ask your system administrator, or query the license server (see the Ansys, Inc. Licensing Guide (which is installed with the Ansys License Manager) for details). Alternatively proceed to Obtaining a Solution in Serial.

If you would like to solve this tutorial in parallel on the same machine, proceed to Obtaining a Solution with Local Parallel.

If you would like to solve this tutorial in parallel across different machines, proceed to Obtaining a Solution with Distributed Parallel.

8.5.1. Obtaining a Solution in Serial

When CFX-Solver Manager has started, you can obtain a solution to the CFD problem by using the following procedure.

  1. Click Start Run.

  2. When CFX-Solver is finished, select the check box next to Post-Process Results.

  3. If using stand-alone mode, select the check box next to Shut down CFX-Solver Manager.

  4. Click OK. Continue this tutorial from Viewing the Results Using CFD-Post.

8.5.2. Obtaining a Solution in Parallel

8.5.2.1. Background to Parallel Running in CFX

Using the parallel capability of the CFX-Solver enables you to divide a large CFD problem so that it can run on more than one processor/machine at once. This saves time and, when multiple machines are used, avoids problems that arise when a CFD calculation requires more memory than a single machine has available. The partition (division) of the CFD problem is automatic.

A number of events occur when you set up a parallel run and then ask the CFX-Solver to calculate the solution:

  • Your mesh will be divided into a number of partitions.

  • The CFX-Solver runs separately on each of the partitions on the selected machine(s).

  • The results that one CFX-Solver process calculates affects the other CFX-Solver processes at the interface between the different sections of the mesh.

  • All of the CFX-Solver processes are required to communicate with each other and this is handled by the leader process.

  • The leader process always runs on the machine that you are logged into when the parallel run starts. The other CFX-Solver processes are follower processes and may be run on other machines.

  • After the problem has been solved, a single results file is written. It will be identical to a results file from the same problem run as a serial process, with one exception: an extra variable Real partition number will be available for the parallel run. This variable will be used later in this tutorial during post processing.

8.5.2.2. Obtaining a Solution with Local Parallel

In CFX-Solver Manager, the Define Run dialog box should already be open.

To run in local parallel mode:

  1. Leave Type of Run set to Full.

    If Type of Run was instead set to Partitioner Only, your mesh would be split into a number of partitions but would not be run in the CFX-Solver afterwards.

  2. Set Run Mode to a parallel mode suitable for your configuration; for example, Intel MPI Local Parallel.

    This is the recommended method for most applications.

  3. If required, click Add Process   to increase the maximum number of processes.

    Ideally, the number of processes should not exceed the number of available processor cores. The number of processes used will be the number of partitions for the mesh.

  4. Select Show Advanced Controls.

  5. Click the Partitioner tab at the top of the dialog box.

  6. Use the default MeTiS partitioner.

    Your model will be divided into a number of sections, with each section running in its own CFX-Solver process. The default is the MeTiS partitioner because it produces more efficient partitions than either Recursive Coordinate Bisection or User Specified Direction.

  7. Click Start Run.

  8. When CFX-Solver is finished, select the check box next to Post-Process Results.

  9. If using stand-alone mode, select the check box next to Shut down CFX-Solver Manager.

  10. Click OK.

Continue this tutorial from Text Output when Running in Parallel.

8.5.2.3. Obtaining a Solution with Distributed Parallel

Before running in Distributed Parallel mode, ensure that your system has been configured as described in the installation documentation.

In CFX-Solver Manager, the Define Run dialog box should already be open.

  1. Leave Type of Run set to Full.

    If Type of Run was instead set to Partitioner Only, your mesh would be split into a number of partitions but would not be run in the CFX-Solver afterwards.

  2. Set Run Mode to a parallel mode suitable for your environment; for example, Intel MPI Distributed Parallel.

    The name of the machine that you are currently logged into should be in the Host Name list. You are going to run with two partitions on two different machines, so another machine must be added.

  3. Click Insert Host   to specify a new host machine.

    • The Select Parallel Hosts dialog box is displayed. This is where you choose additional machines to run your processes.

    • Your system administrator should have set up a hosts file containing a list of the machines that are available to run the parallel CFX-Solver.

    • The Host Name column displays names of available hosts.

    • The second column shows the number of processors on that machine.

    • The third shows the relative processor speed: a processor on a machine with a relative speed of 1 would typically be twice as fast as a machine with a relative speed of 0.5.

    • The last column displays operating system information.

    • This information is read from the hosts file; if any information is missing or incorrect your system administrator should correct the hosts file.


      Note:  The # processors, relative speed and system information does not have to be specified to be able to run on a host.


  4. Select the name of another machine in the Host Name list.

    Select a machine that you can log into.

  5. Click Add.

    The name of the machine is added to the Host Name column.


    Note:  Ensure that the machine that you are currently logged into is in the Hosts Name list in the Define Run dialog box.


  6. Close the Select Parallel Hosts dialog box.

  7. Select Show Advanced Controls.

  8. Click the Partitioner tab at the top of the dialog box.

  9. Use the default MeTiS partitioner.

    Your model will be divided into two sections, with each section running in its own CFX-Solver process. The default is the MeTiS partitioner because it produces more efficient partitions than either Recursive Coordinate Bisection or User Specified Direction.

  10. Click Start Run to begin the parallel run.

  11. Click OK on the dialog box.

  12. When CFX-Solver is finished, select the check box next to Post-Process Results.

  13. If using stand-alone mode, select the check box next to Shut down CFX-Solver Manager.

  14. Click OK.

8.5.2.4. Text Output when Running in Parallel

The text output area shows what is being written to the CFX-Solver Output file. You will see information similar to the following:

 +--------------------------------------------------------------------+
 |                  Job Information at Start of Run                   |
 +--------------------------------------------------------------------+

 Run mode:       partitioning run

 +------------------------------+------+--------+----------+----------+
 | Host                         | Mesh |  PID   |     Job Started     |
 |                              | Part |        | DD/MM/YY | hh:mm:ss |
 +------------------------------+------+--------+----------+----------+
 | fastmachine1                 |    1 |   5952 | 19/02/13 | 10:50:09 |
 +------------------------------+------+--------+----------+----------+

This tells you that the information following is concerned with the partitioning. After the partitioning job has finished, you will find:

 +--------------------------------------------------------------------+
 |                      Partitioning Information                      |
 +--------------------------------------------------------------------+

 Partitioning information for domain: BluntBody

        +------------------+------------------------+-----------------+
        |     Elements     |        Vertices        |     Faces       |
 +------+------------------+------------------------+-----------------+
 | Part |   Number     %   |   Number     %   %Ovlp |  Number     %   |
 +------+------------------+------------------------+-----------------+
 | Full |    131878        |     37048              |    11318        |
 +------+------------------+------------------------+-----------------+
 |    1 |     67873   50.4 |     19431   50.4   4.0 |     5705   49.5 |
 |    2 |     66865   49.6 |     19151   49.6   4.0 |     5820   50.5 |
 +------+------------------+------------------------+-----------------+
 | Sum  |    134738  100.0 |     38582  100.0   4.0 |    11525  100.0 |
 +------+------------------+------------------------+-----------------+

 +--------------------------------------------------------------------+
 |                 Partitioning CPU-Time Requirements                 |
 +--------------------------------------------------------------------+
  
 - Preparations                                       3.689E-01 seconds
 - Low-level mesh partitioning                        5.599E-02 seconds
 - Global partitioning information                    9.998E-03 seconds
 - Element and face partitioning information          7.999E-03 seconds
 - Vertex partitioning information                    0.000E+00 seconds
 - Partitioning information compression               0.000E+00 seconds
 - Summed CPU-time for mesh partitioning              4.609E-01 seconds


 +--------------------------------------------------------------------+
 |                   Job Information at End of Run                    |
 +--------------------------------------------------------------------+

 +---------------------------+------+----------+----------+-----------+
 | Host                      | Mesh |     Job Finished    |    CPU    |
 |                           | Part | DD/MM/YY | hh:mm:ss |  seconds  |
 +---------------------------+------+----------+----------+-----------+
 | fastmachine1              |    1 | 19/02/13 | 10:50:09 | 8.020E-01 |
 +---------------------------+------+----------+----------+-----------+

 Total wall clock time: 7.990E-01 seconds
             or: (          0:         0:         0:     0.799 )
                 (       Days:     Hours:   Minutes:   Seconds )

This marks the end of the partitioning job. The CFX-Solver now begins to solve your parallel run:

 +--------------------------------------------------------------------+
 |                  Job Information at Start of Run                   |
 +--------------------------------------------------------------------+

 Run mode:       parallel run (Intel MPI)

 +------------------------------+------+--------+----------+----------+
 | Host                         | Mesh |  PID   |     Job Started     |
 |                              | Part |        | DD/MM/YY | hh:mm:ss |
 +------------------------------+------+--------+----------+----------+
 | fastmchine1                  |    1 |   6044 | 19/02/13 | 10:50:11 |
 |                              |    2 |   3276 | 19/02/13 | 10:50:11 |
 +------------------------------+------+--------+----------+----------+

The machine that you are logged into runs the leader process, and controls the overall simulation. The second machine selected will run the follower process. If you had more than two processes, each additional process is run as a follower process.

The leader process in this example is running on the mesh partition number 1 and the follower is running on partition number 2. You can find out which nodes and elements are in each partition by using CFD-Post later on in the tutorial.

When the CFX-Solver finishes, the CFX-Solver Output file displays the job information and a dialog box to indicate completion of the run.

8.6. Viewing the Results Using CFD-Post

In CFD-Post, you will:

  • Create an instance transform object to recreate the full geometry

  • Create a vector plot that shows how the flow behaves around the body

  • Create a pressure plot that shows the pressure distribution on the body

  • Make a surface streamline that shows the path of air along the surface of the body

  • Examine the values of the dimensionless wall distance to make sure that the mesh is sufficiently fine near the walls

8.6.1. Using Symmetry Plane to Display the Full Geometry

Earlier in this tutorial you used a symmetry plane boundary because the entire blunt body is symmetrical about a plane. Due to this symmetry, it was necessary to use only half of the full geometry to calculate the CFD results. However, for visualization purposes, it is helpful to use the full blunt body. CFD-Post is able to recreate the full data set from the half that was originally calculated. This is done by creating an Instance Transform object.

8.6.1.1. Manipulating the Geometry

You need to manipulate the geometry so that you will be able to see what happens when you use the symmetry plane. The CFD-Post features that you have used in earlier tutorials will not be described in detail. New features will be described in detail.

  • Right-click a blank area in the viewer and select Predefined Camera > View From +X.

8.6.1.2. Creating an Instance Transform

Instance Transforms are used to visualize a full geometry representation in cases where the simulation took advantage of symmetry to solve for only part of the geometry. There are three types of transforms that you can use: Rotation, Translation, Reflection/Mirroring. In this tutorial, you will create a Reflection transform located on a plane.

  1. Click Location > Plane and set the name to Reflection Plane.

  2. Configure the following setting(s):

    Tab

    Setting

    Value

    Geometry

    Definition

    > Method

     

    ZX Plane

    Definition

    > Y

     

    0.0 [m]

    Render

    Show Faces

    (cleared)

  3. Click Apply.

    This creates a plane at y=0, the same location as the symmetry plane defined in CFX-Pre. Now the instance transform can be created using this plane:

  4. From the main menu, select Insert > Instance Transform and accept the default name.

  5. Configure the following setting(s):

    Tab

    Setting

    Value

    Definition

    Instancing Info From Domain

    (Cleared)

    Apply Rotation

    (Cleared)

    Apply Reflection

    (Selected)

    Apply Reflection

    > Plane

     

    Reflection Plane

  6. Click Apply.

8.6.1.3. Using the Reflection Transform

You can apply the new transform to graphics objects. For example, you can modify the display of the wireframe as follows:

  1. Under the Outline tab, in User Locations and Plots, configure the following setting(s) of Wireframe:

    Tab

    Setting

    Value

    View

    Apply Instancing Transform

    > Transform

     

    Instance Transform 1

  2. Click Apply.

  3. Zoom so that the geometry fills the Viewer.

    You will see the full blunt body.

In this case, you created a new instance transform and applied it to the wireframe. This caused only the wireframe object to be mirrored. If you had modified the default transform instead of creating a new one, then all graphics (including those not yet made) would be mirrored by default.

8.6.2. Creating Velocity Vectors

You are now going to create a vector plot to show velocity vectors behind the blunt body. You need to first create an object to act as a locator, which, in this case, will be a sampling plane. Then, create the vector plot itself.

8.6.2.1. Creating the Sampling Plane

A sampling plane is a plane with evenly spaced sampling points on it.

  1. Right-click a blank area in the viewer and select Predefined Camera > View From +Y.

    This ensures that the changes can be seen.

  2. Create a new plane named Sample.

  3. Configure the following setting(s) to create a sampling plane that is parallel to the ZX plane and located at x= 6 m, y= 0.001 m and z= 1 m relative to blunt object:

    Tab

    Setting

    Value

    Geometry

    Definition

    > Method

     

    Point and Normal

    Definition

    > Point

     

    6, -0.001, 1

    Definition

    > Normal

     

    0, 1, 0

    Plane Bounds

    > Type

     

    Rectangular

    Plane Bounds

    > X Size

     

    2.5 [m]

    Plane Bounds

    > Y Size

     

    2.5 [m]

    Plane Type

    Sample

    Plane Type

    > X Samples

     

    20

    Plane Type

    > Y Samples

     

    20

    Render

    Show Faces

    (Cleared)

    Show Mesh Lines

    (Selected)

  4. Click Apply.

    You can zoom in on the sampling plane to see the location of the sampling points (where lines intersect). There are a total of 400 (20 * 20) sampling points on the plane. A vector can be created at each sampling point.

  5. Turn off the visibility of Sample.

8.6.2.2. Creating a Vector Plot Using Different Sampling Methods

  1. Click Vector   and accept the default name.

  2. Configure the following setting(s):

    Tab

    Setting

    Value

    Geometry

    Definition

    > Locations

     

    Sample

    Definition

    > Sampling

     

    Vertex

    Symbol

    Symbol Size

    0.25

  3. Click Apply.

  4. Zoom until the vector plot is roughly the same size as the viewer.

    You should be able to see a region of recirculation behind the blunt body.

  5. Ignore the vertices on the sampling plane and increase the density of the vectors by applying the following settings:

    Tab

    Setting

    Value

    Geometry

    Definition

    > Sampling

     

    Equally Spaced

    Definition

    > # of Points

     

    1000

  6. Click Apply.

  7. Change the location of the Vector plot by applying the following setting:

    Tab

    Setting

    Value

    Geometry

    Definition

    > Locations

     

    SymP

  8. Click Apply.

8.6.3. Displaying Pressure Distribution on Body and Symmetry Plane

  1. Configure the following setting(s) of the boundary named Body:

    Tab

    Setting

    Value

    Color

    Mode

    Variable

    Variable

    Pressure

    View

    Apply Instancing Transform

    > Transform

     

    Instance Transform 1

  2. Click Apply.

  3. Configure the following setting(s) of SymP:

    Tab

    Setting

    Value

    Render

    Show Faces

    (Cleared)

    Show Mesh Lines

    (Selected)

  4. Click Apply.

    You will be able to see the mesh around the blunt body, with the mesh length scale decreasing near the body, but still coarse in the region of recirculation. By zooming in, you will be able to see the layers of inflated elements near the body.

8.6.4. Creating Surface Streamlines to Display the Path of Air along the Surface of the Body

In order to show the path of air along the surface of the blunt body, surface streamlines can be made as follows:

  1. Turn off the visibility of Body, SymP and Vector 1.

  2. Create a new plane named Starter.

  3. Configure the following setting(s):

    Tab

    Setting

    Value

    Geometry

    Definition

    > Method

     

    YZ Plane

    X

    -0.1 [m]

  4. Click Apply.

  5. Right-click a blank area in the viewer and select Predefined Camera > Isometric View (Z up).

    The plane appears just upstream of the blunt body.

  6. Turn off the visibility of the plane.

    This hides the plane from view, although the plane still exists.

  7. Click Streamline   and click OK to accept the default name.

  8. Configure the following setting(s):

    Tab

    Setting

    Value

    Geometry

    Type

    Surface Streamline

    Definition

    > Surfaces

     

    Body

    Definition

    > Start From

     

    Locations

    Definition

    > Locations

     

    Starter

    Definition

    > Max Points

     

    100

    Definition

    > Direction

     

    Forward

  9. Click Apply.

The surface streamlines appear on half of the surface of the blunt body. They start near the upstream end because the starting points were formed by projecting nodes from the plane to the blunt body.

8.6.5. Moving Objects

In CFD-Post, you can reposition some locator objects directly in the viewer by using the mouse.

  1. Turn on the visibility of the plane named Starter.

  2. Select the   Single Select mouse pointer from the Selection Tools toolbar.

  3. In the viewer, click the Starter plane to select it, then drag it along the X axis.

    Notice that the streamlines are redrawn as the plane moves. The rate at which the streamlines are redrawn is dependent on your computer's speed. If the streamlines are updated infrequently, you may find it useful to move the mouse very slowly.

8.6.6. Creating a Surface Plot of y+

The velocity next to a no-slip wall boundary changes rapidly from a value of zero at the wall to the free stream value a short distance away from the wall. This layer of high velocity gradient is known as the boundary layer. Many meshes are not fine enough near a wall to accurately resolve the velocity profile in the boundary layer. Wall functions can be used in these cases to apply an assumed functional shape of the velocity profile. Other grids are fine enough that they do not require wall functions, and application of the latter has little effect. The majority of cases fall somewhere in between these two extremes, where the boundary layer is partially resolved by nodes near the wall and wall functions are used to supplement accuracy where the nodes are not sufficiently clustered near the wall.

One indicator of the closeness of the first node to the wall is the dimensionless wall distance . It is good practice to examine the values of at the end of your simulation. At the lower limit, a value of less than or equal to 11 indicates that the first node is within the laminar sublayer of the boundary flow. Values larger than this indicate that an assumed logarithmic shape of the velocity profile is being used to model the boundary layer portion between the wall and the first node. Ideally you should confirm that there are several nodes (3 or more) resolving the boundary layer profile. If this is not observed, it is highly recommended that more nodes be added near the wall surfaces in order to improve simulation accuracy. In this tutorial, a coarse mesh is used to reduce the run time. Thus, the grid is far too coarse to resolve any of the boundary layer profile, and the solution is not highly accurate.

A surface plot is one which colors a surface according to the values of a variable: in this case, . A surface plot of can be obtained as follows:

  1. Turn off the visibility of all previous plots.

  2. Under the Outline tab, configure the following settings of BluntBodyDefault:

    Tab

    Setting

    Value

    Color

    Mode

    Variable

    Variable

    Yplus [ a ]

    View

    Apply Instancing Transform

    > Transform

     

    Instance Transform 1

    1. Click the Ellipsis   icon to the right of the Variable dropdown menu to view a full list of variables, including Yplus.

  3. Click Apply.

  4. Under the Outline tab, configure the following settings of Body:

    Tab

    Setting

    Value

    Color

    Mode

    Variable

    Variable

    Yplus

    View

    Apply Instancing Transform

    > Transform

     

    Instance Transform 1

  5. Click Apply.

8.6.7. Viewing the Mesh Partitions (Parallel Only)

If you solved this tutorial in parallel, then an additional variable named Real partition number will be available in CFD-Post

  1. Create an isosurface of Real partition number equal to 1.

  2. Create a second isosurface of Real partition number equal to 1.999.

The two isosurfaces show the edges of the two partitions. The gap between the two plots shows the overlap nodes. These were contained in both partitions 1 and 2.

When you have finished looking at the results, quit CFD-Post.