The rectangular block is fixed at one face. A pressure of -10E+3 MPa is applied on the other face, as shown in Figure 16.6: Rectangular Block Model with Boundary Conditions and Loading Applied.

Analysis of the x-joint model is performed with two-sided symmetry. Two-plane symmetric boundary conditions are applied and one midside node at the horizontal plane is constrained in the opposite direction to restrict rigid-body motion. A pressure load of -1000 MPa is applied on the top of the small-diameter tube, as shown in Figure 16.8: Two-plane Symmetry of X-joint Pipe with Warped Surface Flaw at Welded Joint.