The following figures show the equivalent elastic strain and equivalent creep strain.

Figure 44.13: Equivalent Elastic Strain and Equivalent Creep Strain - Rectangular Block

The creep strain is approximately 96 times larger than the elastic strain in the secondary creep stage, which dominates the entire specimen at the end of the simulation.

The maximum equivalent Stress occurs at the crack tip as seen in the following figure.

Figure 44.14: Equivalent (von Mises) Stress - Rectangular Block

The following figure shows the C*-integral along the crack front for different contours. Path-independence appears after contour 2.

Figure 44.15: C* - Integral along the Crack Front - Rectangular Block

The following figures show the equivalent elastic strain, equivalent creep strain, and equivalent stress of the X-joint pipe with the warped flaw at the welded joint.

Figure 44.16: Equivalent Elastic Strain: X-Joint Pipe

Figure 44.17: Equivalent Creep Strain: X-Joint Pipe

Figure 44.18: Equivalent (von Mises) Stress: X-Joint Pipe

The creep strain is approximately 22 times larger than the elastic strain in the secondary creep stage, which dominates the local region of specimen at the end of the simulation.

The following figure shows the C*-integral values along the crack front, which gradually becomes path-independent after contour 2.

Figure 44.19: C* Integral Values Along the Crack Front - X-Joint Pipe