This category characterizes magnetic material assuming a constant permeability, that is, no saturation effects. Permeability is simply defined as the ratio of B to H: μ = B/H. Permeability is more easily expressed in terms of relative and free-space values: μ = μ_oμ_r. Free-space permeability, μ_o, is equal to 4πe-07 H/m. Relative permeability, μ_r is a multiplier of free-space permeability. Free-space permeability is defined internally within the program. You are required to supply a relative permeability value. This category is applicable to nonmagnetic material such as air, copper, aluminum. It can also be used as an approximation to magnetic materials when a B-H curve is not available. If the material exhibits constant properties in all directions (isotropic behavior) then select Relative Permeability and enter the appropriate value. If the material exhibits different permeability in different orthogonal directions (orthotropic), then select Relative Permeability (Orthotropic) and enter values for three orthogonal directions (X, Y, Z). By default, the global coordinate system is used when the material is applied to a part in the Mechanical application. If desired, you can apply a local coordinate system to the part. The material orthogonal properties align with the coordinate system assigned to the part. For orthotropic material properties, all property values must be entered for the model to properly solve.

This category characterizes hard magnetic materials such as permanent magnets. The demagnetization curve of the permanent magnet is assumed to have a constant slope. The demagnetization curve intersects the H axis at a value corresponding to the coercive force, H_c. The curve also intersects the B-axis at a value corresponding to the residual induction, B_r. You must enter the Coercive Force and Residual Induction values. (Use a positive value for the Coercive Force). A permanent magnet is polarized along an axis of the part. By default, the global coordinate system is used when the material is applied to a part in the Mechanical application. If desired, you can apply a local coordinate system to the part. Align the X-axis of the coordinate system in the direction of the North pole of the magnet. The coordinate system may be Cartesian or cylindrical. A cylindrical system may be used for radially oriented permanent magnets.

This category characterizes soft materials that exhibit nonlinear behavior between B and H. Select B-H Curve to enter nonlinear B-H data. The nonlinear behavior is described by a single B-H curve. You may create a curve by entering B and H data points in Engineering Data, or you may choose from a library of B-H curves for typical properties. For material exhibiting orthotropic behavior, you may also select Relative Permeability (Orthotropic). You may elect to apply the B-H curve in any one or all three orthotropic directions, and specify a constant relative permeability in the other directions. If you use the orthotropic option, you can apply a local coordinate system to the part in the Mechanical application instead of using the default, global coordinate system. When creating B-H curves, observe the following guidelines:

This category characterizes hard magnetic materials such as permanent magnets. The demagnetization curve of the permanent magnet is described by a series of B-H data points located in the second quadrant. Select Demagnetization B-H Curve to enter this data. The first data entry point should be at B = 0, H = -H_c. A permanent magnet is polarized along an axis of the part. In the Mechanical application, you can apply a local coordinate system to the part, instead of using the default, global coordinate system. Align the X-axis of the coordinate system in the direction of the North pole of the magnet. The coordinate system may be Cartesian, cylindrical. A cylindrical system may be used for radially oriented permanent magnets. When creating B-H curves, observe the following guidelines:

This category defines the electrical material models, including:

Choose your material properties based on how the material exhibits properties in orthogonal directions, either constant in all directions (isotropic behavior) or different in orthogonal directions (orthotropic). By default, the global coordinate system is used when you apply these properties to a part in the Mechanical application. If desired, you can apply a local coordinate system to the part. The material orthogonal properties align with the coordinate system assigned to the part. For orthotropic material properties, all property values must be entered for the model to properly solve.

This category contains the following material models.