Sato [22] successfully modeled Particle Induced Turbulence for bubbly flow using an enhanced continuous phase eddy viscosity:

(5–201)

where is the usual Shear Induced Eddy Viscosity, and is an additional Particle Induced Eddy Viscosity:

(5–202)

The variable has a value of 0.6.

The effect of particle-induced turbulence can be modeled by adding source terms to the turbulence equations for the liquid phase. These terms are:

(5–203)

(5–204)

(5–205)

where is the interphase drag force, is the bubble/particle velocity, and is the liquid velocity.

The available models differ only in the time scale used. These models are:

, which has a default value of 1, is a dissipation coefficient that can modulate the source term.