A 2D model is considered. The element formulation is based on linear quadrilateral PLANE182 elements using an enhanced strain formulation under plane strain conditions (KEYOPT(1) = 2, KEYOPT(3) = 2). The element edge size is fixed to 1 m.

An initial in situ earth pressure is generated by applying a gravitational acceleration of on the soil, leading to undesirable vertical deformations. To mitigate the problem, an initial stress state is applied, resulting in a nearly deformation-free initial state for the gravitational load step.

The active and passive earth-pressure states are generated in subsequent load steps via a multiframe restart.