The following figures show the equivalent elastic strain and equivalent creep strain:

Figure 44.13: Equivalent Elastic Strain -- Rectangular Block

Figure 44.14: Equivalent Creep Strain -- Rectangular Block

The creep strain is approximately 100 times larger than the elastic strain in the secondary creep stage, which dominates the entire specimen at the end of the simulation.

Following is the maximum Von Mises stress occurring at the crack tip:

Figure 44.15: Von Mises Stress -- Rectangular Block

The following figure shows the C*-integral along the crack front for different contours, where the path-independence appears after path 3:

Figure 44.16: C*-integral Along the Crack Front -- Rectangular Block

The following figures show the equivalent elastic strain, equivalent creep strain, and von Mises stress of the X-joint pipe with the warped flaw at the welded joint:

Figure 44.17: Equivalent Elastic Strain -- X-joint Pipe

Figure 44.18: Equivalent Creep Strain -- X-joint Pipe

Figure 44.19: Von Mises Stress -- X-joint Pipe

The creep strain is approximately 30 times larger than the elastic strain in the secondary creep stage, which dominates the local region of specimen at the end of the simulation.

The following shows the C*-integral values along the crack front, which gradually becomes path-independent after path 2.

Figure 44.20: C*-integral Along the Crack Front -- X-Joint Pipe with Warped Flaw