2.3. Analytical Formulation

From the relation between the kinetic friction force acting on the particle, the translational and rotational velocities of the particle rolling in the x-direction may be expressed as follows:

(2–1)

(2–2)

where:

  • is the particle's position in the horizontal direction.

  • is the particle's translational velocity in the horizontal direction.

  • is the particle's rotational velocity.

  • is the gravity acceleration in the vertical direction.

  • is the dynamic friction coefficient between the particle and the surface materials.

  • is the particle's mass.

  • is the particle's diameter.

  • is the particle's moment of inertia.

By integrating equations Equation 2–1 and Equation 2–2 with the initial conditions and , the time when the rolling friction stops and equals , can be given by:

(2–3)